 
                ࢨ  "Gepard"





                             










                    " G E P A R D "


                       1- 

                      ᥭ-94























                            




         ⠪ ࢨ  "Gepard"

          ࠧ ᨫﬨ ᪮쪨 㧨-
⮢,  祭 ࠢ  ࠬ    "-
"  ⭮.  砫  ࠡ  "  㡫"  3
 ,      ᪮,   ᪮,
  ਭ.  ⢥,  ஬ ஢  
뫠 ⮫쪮   (       㦥  
室 ࠡ)      ணࠬ      
- ଠ  ᢮ 設.
         ᪠,   ࠡ    ""    
祭 ਡ쭮. , 筮,  - ⮣, 
 室 쭮   ࠩ,   ""
࠭  ப.     "㯥૨
ண"            -
쪮  ⮬  .     㯨? ।
⢥ ⮢  ,  ,  訩.   
 ᯮ:
        -  ?  ᮢ    ணࠬ.  
孨᪨ ࠪ⨪   㦥,      諮
 ६.
        - Spectrum ? 設⢮    誨 
 ""  ,      ணࠬ,   
,   ணࠬ .     ᮫⭮
. , 筮, 㣨 - ATM-TURBO,  PROFI  
.. ,  쥧 設.  , ᪮॥,   -
,  "ਪ".   ࠧ ,    㦥
  ணࠬ     譨  ன⢠.   
  ᯥਬ஢,   ।祭
 "譥 ⢮⢠",        ᠬ
 ਧ  . , ,  SPECTRUM-
᪨  - (㤭   筮  ।)
" ".       襩 "ᮢ"   ..
  ⮬,    -    ,  
䨫.     ਫ.   
(筮,  ).
        -  ?    - ࠭ ,
  ।  㡨.   -
,   ᨮ쭠 設.  㣮 ஭,
⮢        (  - ⮨).  
 ஭,   த IBM-ᮢ⨬ .    㣮
஭,     " "  ᮢ⨬
 ᥢ묨 "",  ...    ,   ...
த⢨ ᮢᥬ  ,   ...    ணࠬ  
,  ...  ᪮  -   (      
⮢ ?)  ..  ..
        -  ?  ᭠ 設.   ᮫⭮ 祡-
.  த  뢠 .  ⥫쭮,  
⥡ 祬   - 蠩  ஡ ᠬ.
          ,    ⮢ .
        ,  ""  쭠 設.  ६
  (  ᢮ ६ )   ⠭.     
殢,  ,  ୮,      த⢨  (ᠬ
   580),    祬- 㣮,  
㤭  孨᪨ ନ.  SPECTRUM  ᯫ⨫
 ᥡ ⪮  "ﬨ"  "", 
-  ⥫㠫.  ⠥  ஬    ,
ࠢ  ࠬ       ࠢ-
塞 ""    ६    ᨮ쭮
 ஬.   祣  ?       -
        .   -
 (  ᥣ  -!),  -  ࠡ,
⤮,   祣-  㬠      쭨
.  -    ⥩  .   
뤠, ᫨ 祣- ᫮ (⮨!)  ⥯--
-     ᢮  ⮬  騢    ᢮
設, ⥫쭮 " ࠭筮".   ᥬ ⮬
 쭮 ⢥砥 "".
        , , 㦥 㬠:  "   砫 
ᥡ ᪠뢠  -  㤠  堫  ॡ?"  
,  ਬ  ᢮ ⭮襭  "",  ,  -
,   ᥡ.  㣨 ᫮,   㢠  ""  
ࠥ ᤥ    譨  .
 ⮣ ⥪ ᫥騥  "ᮡ" :
        -   ⠫,  ,   ணࠬ,
祬   業஢  ⭨-ࠦ஢. !  
। ணࠬ,   ࠦ㥬  ,   ࠪ᪨  
堫, ஡, ࠡ 饩.  ᥨ-
     㯫.     
 , 뢠   ணࠬ.
        -   ⠢     ᢮.    
㦨 ணࠬ.    ⠪  -  ᭨    
 ணࠬ.        롨ࠥ  襥.
筮,    襥. ࢮ "" - ⢮
 堪⢮.  ,   ஡,     .   
㢥訢 ணࠬ ⠬ -   襭  ஡.
஥ ""  -  ᫠  ࠭  ணࠬ.   
""  ⠪ ணࠬ ,   ᫨     -
...    殢,  誠 -   寠,  
⥬ ணࠬ஢  .       誨,   
᭮,  ,  ⤥  .  
     - ᠬ  ᪠  
ᥡ ୮.     ᢮  ணࠬ    ᢮
ணࠬ⮢  ⮫쪮 , 祬 ଠ 쥧
(  MicroSoft,     100 ࠧ ,      
1000!).   ⮣   졥  ⢮ 
쥧.   ⨫   ᯮᮡ ( 
 ஢,     ࠤ 묨)   -  ஢
ணࠬ (),  ᮡ     죨    ⥬
᪠  ࠦ.  ⨢,   ⢥. "ணࠬ-
  ஡ - 뫥,    ".   ⥫
ᯮᮡ, ᫨ ࠡ⠥,  㤭 ਤ㬠.
        -      , 訬  
஡.      ᫮.    让   
஭  ⫨ ணࠬ.   ,   
譨  騪  -    ࠤ⥫   
믮   ,  易   ஬  -
 뢠 奬,  ᯥ  ⥪⮢,
    ਭ  ..  ,     
㪠  ⠫ (ਭ,  ,      ..)
⮦  . ,  ᪮   । -
뢠,    砥   ⠫   ন "
".    㪠 "" ᪨ 業   
 ,  ᫨   ⠪ 業,  뫠 죨,
    㯨  .
        - , , ⢥ ଠ,  ࠡ 
 ⥦.   ࠪ⨪  뢠,     
稢 (  ᮡ)   ⥭쪮 ।
"" - ஦,   .  ஡  ᫮
 .  ⠫.
        - ,        ᠬ  ⭮
樨  -  ६㥬        
(筥 - ਭ,  ᪮,   ⠭,  ,
஫,  ),   ⠪     ᠬ
   "஢" - .
         ᠬ ௥ ( ᠬ  稢)
⥫  :  "    !   
,   ,    ⭮  ᤥ  "" ?
,  ᫮,  ॡ ⭮  אַ ⢥.
᫥ ⮨  ᪮쪨 㭪⮢:
        1. ୠ⨢   8 .    -
 砫 稪 (/ D9)   ⫨砥  
ਠ権 襪  2  ⥬,     ⠫  6-
 "" 祭 宩 .  㧪  -
   ந室  ४ ᯮᮡ - 
⨨  -   頥      -
㦠 ࠧ  ᠬ     -   
E000  FFFF.  ⥫쭮,   饥  設⢮
ணࠬ  ⮬  .   ⠪ ᯮᮡ 㧪
 ᪫⥫쭮 㤮  ⫠ ணࠬ. 
᪮쪮 ० 祭 ⮣     ࠡ.   
ᠭ   . 㣮,  ,  ।祭 
࠭ 孥   -  .     ⮬
   筮     ⥬  㦠
.  ஬  "뫮"  ⨭ 
 .
        ,       ⥫쭠  (  
᫥) ᮡ ⮣ .  ..  Magic
Key (ନ ⢮  Spectrum'),  - "襡"
 -  ,     64  
  (筮, ᫨  ),   ⮬  -
     .
         ,   ᫥ ᮡ  (
  )      ᠬ  ᫥
६    ⨬ ﬨ      ""
   ᥭ.   室 ⥫-
 ப.
        2. ஫ ᪮.  㤥 墠, 
   㣨.       㦥.   ⮨  
"।뭮筠".    ⭮  ⫨砥 
. 115  83 .  ⮢  த  
.  ,  , ஬ ᠬ ᪮.
        3. ஭  ().  ,  
  ⨫    ਠ      /奬
5657 ( 256   쬨  奬).   ࠢ,
奬  ᠭ   7    1993 . 
"⥫".   뫠  ࠡ . 
 㤠    ࠤ,    ᪢.   
⠪ 訫    ࠦ,   ᮮ㤨 ᢮.  
㦥  㣮 ࠡ⠥   ᢮  ᪠    
  ᪮쪮 ⪮ 祫.    ⫨⥫
  :  "ᢥ媮⭮" (115   70  )   
  䨣樨 -       
⮣,   /奬   ⠭  쪨 - 8
 7  8  5. ⢥⢥ 㤥 256  64
.  ᥬ ⨬ "    쭮    業
 .
        4.  몠쭠 .  ,  ,   襩
㣨 ࠪ᪨ .   奬    (
 㦨 ࠧࠡ⪨   㥬),     ᤥ  
᫥ ⮣,  .஢  ஢ ᮮ㤨 ਣ-
   "",   ⠢ 讣  㤠.
  ᬥ - ஢. ⠥ , 
   ⭮  ணࠬ ᮢ⨬ 
ਣ.
        5. A  ⮭  (Real-Time  Clock)  
㣮 .  ᪮쪮 ⭮,    ""  
  .    ?  ,    ᪠,   
쪠,  ண,   祭 㤮 .  
⥬,   ६ ᥣ ।     ࠭.   ࠩ
(ணࠬ,  㦨 譥 ன⢮)  ᮢ 
㫨        襣  .   
᪮஬ ६  孥   Basic  v2.5   -
⫠稪.   ᮢ ,   ⠪  ࠧ,   
࠭   ६,   ᪫祭 ஢ ணࠬ 
  ᠬ   뢮    ࠭.     
 ६, ..  뢠  "୮"
६,  ॠ쭮 -   ⮫,   ..
.      -  ᫨      ᮥ
譨 筨 ⠭ ( ३   -
  3-5 ),  "⨪"   ⪫祭 -
. ,    .   -
  뢠 ᥪ㭤,   ,   ,   
  , .    ஥  .  
⠭ ६    ,    뢥  
࠭ ⪮ ᮮ饭.       -  
  뢠  ⠭  ⮫쪮  
             
ணࠬ.
        6.   訫     ஡ 
祭 짮⥫ 堭᪨  ஢᪨  "-
஢".   ⭠  뢠 ⮫쪮 -
⥫쭠,    ⨬ 設  80 % 
 .   ,     த 쭮  㦥
⦨ ᢮   "⭥".       
ᯥ樠쭮 ।祭  ⮣,   ⮡  㬥  ⠬
 "",    -  㤠.  મ-
,   ⪨ ࠢ騬  (    ),
  ࠡ.  ᪮  室 㯠 
⮫쪮   ன,     ⠫쭮,   
  த  襢 (. ⠫).
        ,   ,      ⪮
⥬ ணࠬ, ᠭ   "".
           ᯥ⨢.
           , ,  稬 ࠧࠡ
"ਤ".    譥 ,    -
 ,    ᪮쪨 ࢨ묨 ⫨ﬨ.
 ਤ 㤥  32   128  , ⮨
ᮮ⢥⢥ ( )   18  33-37 .   -
ਤ  "訢" ⥬  ஢ ணࠬ.
 饭   ਤ    ࠭  㤥  뢮
⠫    ணࠬ.
          ⠥ ᮮ㤨 ᪨ 
- ன⢮, 
୮   ⥫䮭 .   
  । 䠩 襬 ⮢,  室 
.  ᫨    ਭ,    㦥  ⮢
⥫䠪.
          㥬  ࠡ    
 580    Z80.     "祭"  ਠ
,    ᮫⭮    ⠭    ᮢ⨬
""  SPECTRUM' (,  ⠪ ""  ࠧ-
ࠡ⠭  設,    ⮨  ࠢ  ᠬ
SPECTRUM',  ⠪   ⭮  -  祬    騬
  㯨 ᫥?  ).     ⠪    -
 த⢨ ""  15-20%  ᯥ
 ࠡ   쭥襬 㢥祭 -
     設   . ⢥⢥-
,   ⮨ ⠪ "樨"    㤥  
訡 ᮪.
         -ﭢ ஡㥬 ᮮ㤨 몠
 Sound  Blaster.   ன⢮      祣
饣  饩 ⮩  Sound   Tracker.   
ਬ୮    ஬  ந뢠⥫  
᪨ ᪠.  쭮 ᫮ ன⢮ 㤥
  30-35 奬  ⮨  㤥  襢  -
ਬ୮  ᠬ "".     㤥  ⮣  ⮨!
  ᯥ 砭 IBM'᪨  "몠",   
    襩  㪮ந饩     
  祬 ⫨砥  ந뢠  ᪨
-᪮.  ⮫쪮 ⥬,   㤥 
ந  ⮩ 몮 ࠧࠧ ᯥਬ  
 ᥢ 䥪.
           .  㤥 ,    ⢮
﫮.    ⮡    ,   
ᨬ - 頩     ६  ,   ᥣ
ࠤ  .
        ----------------------------------------
                         

        类 ᭮,   ᠬ  ᥡ    
祣  .  ⮡   ""    ⠫  ᭮
,  㦭, -,  ணࠬ ᯥ祭 ,
-,   ।,     ᬮ  ন
⭮襭     祫.       ।
뢠 ਩묨 ன⢠.    
᮫⭮ 室 ( ⠪ ०  ᥣ  ⭮
  "࠭" -   ⥫), ⠫
  ⭥ᥭ   室 ।⢠,  
᪮.    㦭  .
               ⮣
㦥  ᮥ  "",    ⮫쪮  -
뢠  ࠧࠡ뢠  ࠧ묨  ଠ?     ⮬
 .

        1.          

        쭮 쭮   設⢠  짮-
⥫.  ᪠ ""      ਠ:   
મ ன   ⭮ (筥 -  -
⭮).  ᫨ મ  ௨,   ⭠
⠢  襣 -  ⪨ ᫨誮 祢-
,  ⮡  .  ᫥  ᥣ  -
,  ᫨  ⠪ .   ⮣  
 ਫ筠 ⠪⭠    મ  .
筮, ਤ   .
           ""      "86",
""  "⭥"  筮  ,     
  ᮢ (     ⠪-
,  ⠪ 64-  "    ""  
ᥬ .  ᥣ ⠪   砥    
ᥬ   ࠧ    -  ᥬ    
ਧ⠫ ᥪ  ᥬ     -
.    祭 -     ⠪⮢
.   ࣠    뢠  -
楩).   ""  ""   ⮪
᫮,   ⮦  㤭.      
㣨   ᫮,    ⠪⭠   મ-
,  㦥 쭮 㤮 ⨥ - ਤ -
ᮥ - ࠪ᪨     -    ⮦
.  㦭 ⮫쪮 ஬ ,   ௥  
ᮢ  15-20   ᤥ.
         ᠬ ᭮  -      ""
஭  ( IBM  IBM-ᮢ⨬ ). 
   ਠ.        ਭ樯?
,  .    ⨬ 㦥 ࠪ ॡ  ஢.
 ⮣ 室 ᮮ㤨  ஭  ன⢮,
८ࠧ饥 ᨣ,  㯠騥   "-
",   ᨣ,  㦭   ஭    
.  ணࠬ  ᨣ  ਥ-
,  ᪮    ⮬  ਤ  ।뢠  
஢ ணࠬ   ⥬  ਪ.
        ,      ⥬  ,   
  稫         
।?    ஡ ᠬ ⮣ ᯮᮡ -
  ਬ ,   ஥ ६  
( ᨬ  ᫮ ᯫ樨      ⮣,
    ⮢,  ⮩ ⪨ 墠⠥   10
  2-3 楢).    ""  祭  
᭨ -  㢨,  ᭨ ਪ९ 㦮祪 
⮩ ⨭.      몠    
⠪ .    砥  ⮬,    
       .   
⠪  ᨫ쭮  ᫨    吝  -  
⠥ ଠ쭮 ࠡ. ,  ⠪ 㦭
.   ᯨ,   뢠      ,
ᬠ稢     ᯨ  ࠥ -
. 襭 ⭮ ࠧ.
         뢠 ⮫쪮  塞  -
,   ﭭ ਬ ⠪  ⪨  ࠧࠦ
⮫쪮,    㪨 ᪠.      
?  ஡ (᭠砫  2-3-  )   ⠪
ᯮᮡ: ᭠砫  -  (),  ⥬
⭮ ன ⮭ ᫮ ,     㤨
.    - ਯ ⮦ 뢠  ࠧ,   뢠  
塞.  ⭮     짮⥫,
   ࠡ뢠 祭   .
               
㤥.
        ⠫ ਩ ன⢠   ᠭ
⪮,   ᫥  "ठ"  ⠭
    ஡.

        2.       

         "" 筮     
୮-  CGA- (梥⭮),  祬  ⮫쪮
,  ॡ  ⥫ ᨣ (),
  ,   ॡ ⤥쭮    ஢  
 ᨭநᮢ.  (筮,   ᪠,  
 ᤥ.   ᥩ.)   ᥣ  -
 "஭-6105",  ⮬      
 .
        筮,   ᥣ  ⮢    
⥫.    ⥫஬ ⭮     誨,
ࠡ  쭮 殮 -  .

        3.          

        ஬ ᭮ 㭪樨 - 譥  饣
ன⢠ -  㦨      ந  㪮.
襣 ᨫ 㪠     㣨  ᯮ-
,  稢 室騩      ⭮
䮭稪. ࠢ,  㦭 㤥 ᫥  奬
뢮 㪠  ""  ᮮ㤨 ⥭쪨  ᨫ-
⥫   ࠭    奬-ᨫ-
.  ᫥饬   㡫㥬 ⠪ 奬.
          ᥣ  ᯮ짮  䮭   2-3
.  ⥫쭮 ᯮ짮   (-  ᫠-
쪮 ⮯玲 ன⢠)   ८-
.

        4.        

         筥  -  ⥫      
᪠ ().   ᯥ稢  祭  ஥  ⥭  
   ᪥ (  ᪨ -  )
-  50-70 ࠧ  ॥  䮭,   祬    
  ᫥⥫,  ந.
        ᪮    設⢥  砥  ᯮ
஭, 80-஦. ..   㭨ᠫ-
 , ࠡ騥  ᪥⮩   ஭ - ᭨
 ᢥ,       譥    ᪥  
業  ⭮ 蠦,  ᤥ 80 蠦 (ᮮ-
⢥,  ࠧ ᪥  80 業᪨ -
). ᪥  ࠧ 5.25  (130 )  -
, ⮬ ⠪  뢠 ⨤묨.  ᭮
ᯮ㥬 ન - 5305, 5313, 5311 (ᮢ᪨),
5323 (᪨),  5329 ( "ROBOTRON"  -  ଠ-
᪨)  FD55 (TEAC - ).    ४
ᥡ "ROBOTRON".
         ஡       .
 ࠧ ⭥  ⭥  ࠡ,    ᪥
   3-4 ࠧ ஦. ࠢ,   -  
  饭.  ᪥ - 3.5  (90 ).
        ⮡  ᪮  ,  㦭  ᯥ-
쭮 ன⢮ - ஫ .   쭮 ᫮-
 ன⢮    ६      ⨯  -
஫஢  "".   ࠭ -  ..
設᪨ ਠ.     ⠭ -
ਠ COMAN  (᪮᪠  ଠ).     ஡  
ࠧ   ࠡ ஫஢ . " ""
 "".

        5.       

          "",          ,
  ਭ.        ன
 ࠧ     ⨯  :   
(, 㤠୮ ⨯)  -  ⢫ 
 쬨 祪,   㤠  㬠
१   (뢠  襥 ᫮  -  
24-).   ⨯  ᠬ   .  㣮
⨯ - 㩭 .     ⢫  ୨묨
㩪,   뫥騬  १     ⢥
 窠.   ᭮  ⮨⢠  -  -
⭮,   ⮨  㬭 ࠡ.   ᭮
⪨ - 㤭  ᯥ樠 ୨,  
 ⢥,       ,   
  ࠧ ⮫쪮     (१    
).   ,  ᫨    ।  
訡      訡  ᨢ  -  設  .
⨩ ⨯ -  ਭ.   ,   筮,   
,    ⪮ ண -  ࠩ 1000 -
஢. ⠥ 祭 , ᪫⥫쭮 ⢥.
        ஬ ⠪ ࠧ,    ࠧ 
  EPSON-ᮢ⨬      ᮢ⨬    ⠭
ࠢ  .   ᪠,     
ࠩ  । EPSON-ᮢ⨬ ਭ-
.   ⨢ 砥   ࠧ  ஡  
ᯥ⪥ ⥪⮢.  । EPSON-ᮢ⨬   
- ࠭ ᪨ D-100   ⢥-
 - M6304.
        ,   ࠧ ਭ   ᯮᮡ  
ᮥ   (ᮥ  ன⢠ 뢠-
 䥩ᮬ).   4 ᭮  䥩-
: 2 ᫥⥫ ( 2  )  2 ࠫ
(  CENTRONICS).
          -      䥩-
ᮬ,   99% ணࠬ - ᯥ稪  ࠡ    
CENTRONICS',   ⥬ ࠩ஬ ,  
 ⥬ ணࠬ (BASIC,  ,  ),    
ࠩ ᥣ ⠭  CENTRONICS.  ࠩ 砥
  筮    ஢      (⮨
⬥,   䥩   祭 㤭  ⭮
।    CENTRONICS).    뢠    ਭ
D-100, D-100M, ROBOTRON.
         ᠬ ⨬ ਭ?  ᫨  -
   ⮫쪮  ᥡ,  ୮,     6312
(㩭).   -    ਭ.   
ᥣ譨          "㧪"  ਭ஢
6313  ROBOTRON,   ப - 6337  "ਮ".

        6.                 

         ⥫쭮   64   1  ,
  ஬ ࣠   譥  ன
(⨯ ᪮).   २⢠    ஭
 (  - )?
         ,     ᪮,   -
, ᫨  , ᮪ ࠡ  䮭,
 ᠬ  - 짮  ᥬ ணࠬ,
ࠡ騬   (᪮ 樮 ⥬).   
ணࠬ  魥  ᭥ ᢮  䮭-
 "।".   ⢥,   䮭  㦥  ⮫쪮
砫 - 㧨  㦭묨 ணࠬ,    
- ࠭ ࠡ⠭ । ⪫祭 . ᫨ 
   ᠭ ,    ⨨  -
  ࠧ 室  . ,  祭  २-
⢮ ᪠ - த⢨.    
ࠪ᪨ ⠫,    .
         ,     ᪮ -      
 襬    ணࠬ,   ᪮  祭
 ணࠬ ॡ   28    .   
稨 ᪠  頥      ᢮
⥬ ᠬ  18 .     - த⢨.  
頤騩 ०  ᪮  ᪥.  , 
㤥   ࠧ    .
          256  ( 1 )   ࠧࠡ⠭  
COMAN' (᪮᪠ ଠ),    ࠡ⠥  ⮫쪮    
஫ࠬ.

        7.            

         ᭮,   室  ,       
᪮.  㧪 ணࠬ  譥  ந室
⠫쭮.    ⮫쪮 㧪.      
묨 ।⢠ 祣  .   㦭  ᯥ樠쭮
ன⢮ - ணࠬ.
         譥   ⥬ ணࠬ  "訢-
",  ࠢ - BASIC, -⫠稪,  । 
 㣨 ணࠬ ( ..  ஢).

        8.      

         饥 ६    ࠪ᪨  
ਠ 몠쭮 , ⠪ 뢠 SOUND TRACKER.
쬠 ࢥ⢠ ਭ ஢砭.   ᯥ-
稢  ८ந뢠       ந
㬮 䥪⮢.  4 ᨬ .   (⭮-
⥫쭮)  몠  SPECTRUM'.   ᥣ-
     ⪠  ணࠬ-"몠".   
㬠, ୮  㤥  .  -
, 筮, ࠧ   䥪⭥,  祬  ᮡ⢥-
 ஢᪮ 媠쭮 "ᨭ⥧".
        ᪨     몠쭮  ன-
⢮ - COVOX. ᪨ ⮬,    ⠢-
.   ᮮ㤨     - ᪨
㬥騩 ঠ  㪠 쭨.  ⮨⢮ COVOX' -
 ᪫⥫쭮     祭  ਫ筮  ⢥
砭.  ⮪ ,     ⢥  -  祭
⪮ 砭.  1 ᥪ㭤 襣,  ⢥
ᯮ   10  .   ᫨    
    몠 뢪  (  300
),  㤥  楫 (!) 35-40 ᥪ㭤. -
⠪ 뢮窠  楫 ᪥.
        奬 COVOX'  易⥫쭮 㡫㥬.

        9.        

        ⨬ ன⢮  㤮,   祬    ,
ࠢ ᮭ .  ஬  ⮣,     믮
祭  㭪 - 頥 ᠬ  ᯮ㥬  
      ०६  訢    
.  ⨪  ᥣ ,  祬  -
 .
          ᭮ ⨯  祭  -
⨪. , ,  ᠬ ࠭ - 祭
ࠫ쭮 .  ⮬ -ࠢ,  
-   ⨪.   ।। ,   
ᠬ⥫쭮 訫  ⠪ ࠧ ⨪ -
 蠩  אַ  !    ⮣,     
祭 ⭮ 襭,     ᭮!  - -
奬 58055 砥 饭    몠
 ﬨ.     "뫥".    ᤥ
ࠢ쭮?    奬 祭 ⨪.
        ன ᯮᮡ - 祭    ࠫ-
쭮 䥩 (ࠧ" ).   ..   ⨪-,
, ᠬ ४ ᯮᮡ 祭.
        ⨩ - ..  ⨪- (  
 ਭࣥ).    ⨪.  
"᪮" 奬 -⨪  ,    
,  ᭮ :  +5.   אַ    
.   ⠢ १ 20-30 .
        ,    -   ⮫쪮  設᪨
"" - ⨪ "".  ⭮ 襭 
"⬠"  ஢  ⠪  ⨪    ⠫
 ᫨誮 ᫮, 嫮⭮    ⮨.

        10. R E A L - T I M E C L O C K

         ⪮ ᠭ  ।饩 .   -
᪨   "᭨ -  祬  ,     ਭ樯,
㦭.   ࠡ⠢  ,   ன   祭,
⠪    ਢ몠,   "஬" 頥 -
   , 祬  .

        11.    

        ,  室 -    (      
ணࠬ  쪠   । ⨪)  -
 .   祣 ⮢୮  ⭮. ⭮,
  ⠭ IBM   ,   
 ⮫쪮  ணࠬ প. -  
 .      ணࠬ 
 ন.  ,  㦭  ஢.  ⮨
㬠 - ,    த   ࠭
ࠡ  樨 "NORTON'", ।஢,  -
祪 , ⥪⮢ ।஢  .?

        12.                

         ਬ୮  ,  ਭ,   ⫨稨 
  ⠥   窠,    䫮ࠬ
(   㭥).  ।祭  ᮢ  ࠧ-
 奬,  㭪,    ..    
ᠬ,  ਭ  ᫥⥫ 䥩ᮬ.  ᫨
    ⠪ ஡  -  諨    
㬥  , ᮥ騩   ,   ᤥ
ணࠬ  ।    "".   室
⠫.

        13.     

           ⥫䮭 .  ன⢮,
ᮥ饥    㣮    ᪮쪨  १
⥫䮭 .  ⪮ 㦥 ᠭ .   ࠡ⠭
 ""  設.      ।  
⮫쪮 ᮡ⢥ ,    ⮬᪨  ।-
⥫  ()  饣  ,     ⠪  
ࢨ 権.

     14.               "        "

         ⥫   ᪠,   ⫨稨
  (᪮),   ᪨  ᬥ,   ⪮  
㯭 ९   ଥ⨧஢  ன-
⢠.       ⢫    祭  ᮪
⭮,  ⮬   ⠪  ᪮    
ࠢ  ᪥⠬ -  5  (1  = 1000
)  ⥭ .  "" ⨬쭮 뫮 
 ""  10-40 .      -
稫? ஫   ⮩ 楫  .  -
,   ஢ 﫨 ⮩ ஡.    ⭮
 ஫ ""  "" -
 ᫠.
           ᪮?  ,        
ࠡ⠥  ᪮쪮 ࠧ ॥,  祬     㦭
 ६ 모  ᪥.     ࠦ஢  
 .
         ,   ᭮ ன⢠ ᠭ.  ,
筮,   窠 ᯥ樠    -
 ன.    㦭    -  ᮫⭮
 楫 (ࠢ ""    ⥫ࠢ
   ..)   ப  짮⥫ -
᭮.
         ------------------------------------
                        

         짮⥫  ஡ ணࠬ஢
 ᥬ.  設⢮    "". 
᭮ ⮬,  ,  魮,   ଠ-
 ᮡ, 饣 ணࠬ஢  ᥬ.
 ⮡ ᤥ ⥢ ணࠬ   몥, 
ᥬ ᮫⭮ 室.  쪮      
 ᠬ த ணࠬ,   ⮫쪮  
 ⪮ ,  ஥ , , ᥬ
砥  襬 ⨫ ணࠬ஢.
         ᪠,   ணࠬ஢    ᥬ-
 - ⨥   .    ⮫쪮   
.  -   "諥" ,   
  ਭ樯 ࠡ. 㣨 ᫮,  ணࠬ
 BASIC', ࠭  ..,   頥    
१ ॢ稪 ,  ⢥,  㦭  -
, ⮡  த  .   ⮬
 㤥 ࠧ     ,  
⮬ ᫥    㣨 몠.
        , 墠 ।᫮, 㯨  .
        ⮡    ணࠬ஢     ᥬ,
㦭      (᫥),        ஥     -
 (58080),    易        譨
ன⢠.  祬 ⠪?  ⮬   ᥬ -
 ,     ᠬ .,   
 ⥬ ந 室 ⢨ -    
ᥡ 祣- ८ࠧ,    室 
⠫  .
          ணࠬ    -     ᪮쪮
" 祪",  뢠 ॣࠬ;    
ந, ᮡ⢥, ᥣ  ⨯ 権:
-   ॣ (-) - ᫮;
- ந 䬥᪨  ᪨ ⢨ 
  ᫮  ॣ   ᫠    ࠧ  ॣ,
  ..  ᮤন ॣ஢;
- ᫠ ᫮  ॣ (-)    譥
  ன⢮  .
            権    ⠢  
⢮,  㣮. ⢨⥫쭮, ᬮਬ, -
,   ࠦ (1)    ணࠬ
몠 (2).
        (1). ⭮,  ,   祫, 
.  "⪨"    뢠  祩  
ᯮ   ᪮쪨 (  ᪮쪨  -
 - )  奬.   ""  ⮨
   - 筠   .   -
⢥,      ,   奬 ""  ⠪,
 ᮤন  뢮  ࠭,  筮
 - .
         祥    - 65535    
室 -  ᫮.     祩    ᢮
浪  ().  祩  ᯮ-
   32768   65535. 奬 ஥ ⠪,  
   祥  ⮡ࠦ   ண  -
    ࠭   ᪨  ᪮-
 祪 (     쬨)       ⮡ࠦ
,   ᨬ   ᮤন.   ࠧ,
  । 祩    ।
᫠,   ᮢ  ࠭ ,   㣮.   
⮡     祥   ᫮,   墠
ᥣ  :   ᫮  ॣ -
  ४ ᫮  ॣ   祩.
        (2).  몠.   ॣ 頥 ᫮  (
)   뫠    譥  ன⢮  (
).  ⨬ 譨 ன⢮     ⠩,
  (- ८ࠧ⥫),  .
  ਬ - ᫮.  ᪨- 뫠  -
᪨ ᨣ.      .     믮塞
᪮쪮 ࠧ       -    砥  箪.
 ᫠ - ࠧ 㪨.
         ,  祭 .   ⮡ 뫮 
 ᨢ,  㤮,  ,  㦭 祭  㬥
஢  ⨬ ॣࠬ   .  ⢥,
 ணࠬ஢  ᥬ 砥   -
  ॣࠬ   .
        ६ ⥯,   ᥡ ।⠢ ॣ-
   祩  .     ,   
ॣ -  ⮦ 祩 ,   "筠" 
.  猪  祩    ⮨    쬨
"㭮".      ,     .   
᫮ ।⠢ -  0,  1.  㣨 ᫮-
,   祩 ⮨  쬨 .   ਬ  -
00100101  10100001  ..   "㭮" 뢠-
  (ଠ樨).  ᥬ   楫 -    .
 ⥬ ।⠢ ᥫ (㯮ॡ  ⮫쪮
0  1)  뢠  ⥬.   ணࠬ,
㯮ॡ ⠪  ⥬,   쭮  寧  -  ᫨誮
   ᫠    室   (᫮   21913     룫廊
⠪:  0101010110011001,       -  
  65535).    ,  ਢ   ⥬,
ᯮ짮 ⮦ 㤮  ⮩  稭,     祭
 㦭 ࠧ ,     室 㫨
 窨  ,     -殢  -
   ﬨ  栬 - ..  " ᨣ"
 " ᨣ",  ""  "",   ""    "
".   ᥬ ⮬ ਭ 㯮ॡ  -
 ⥬ ᫥.
         16-筮 ᫥ 祭   "ᢥ稢"
 㫥    .   㦭  ⮫쪮  
८ࠧ뢠 姭筮  筮  ᫮    
 (16-)  .
            筮 ⥬?  10  - 
0  9.  쬥,   ਬ,  ᫮ 18.   ࠧ
᫥饥 ᫮?  㢥稢   ᠬ 訩
ࠧ: 18 --> 19.   ?  ६  ᠬ 訩
ࠧ.   9.    ⮫쪮 9.     ⠪ -
 ࠧ 塞,   㢥稢   ᫥-
騩 ( 設)  ࠧ:  19 --> 20.   ᫨  ⠪
᫮ - 299? 饥 ࠢ - ᫨  ࠧ拉  㦥 
㢥,  塞   室  ᫥饬 ࠧ-
, ⮡ 㢥   : 299 --> 300.
        ᮫⭮   -   ⥬.     筮
ᥣ   - 0  1. 0 -  0. 1 -  1.  ?
  饬 ࠢ:  㦥  㢥, 
塞  ࠧ  㢥稢    ᫥騩
 設:  1 --> 10.  ?  10 --> 11.  ?
  饬 ࠢ: 11 --> 100.
             16-筮 ⥬.   -
 -   .  筮 - 10.   ⭠-
筮, ᫥⥫쭮,    16 .  0,1,2,3,4,
5,6,7,8,9,  ?  - A, B, C, D, E, F.  ⠪
.  ? F --> ?      ࠢ: F --> 10
--> 11 --> ... ---> 1F  --> 20  ..
         ⥯ ᬮਬ,     ᮮ⭮  ᫠  
筮  16-筮 ⥬:
0000  -  0              1000  -  8
0001  -  1              1001  -  9
0010  -  2              1010  -  A
0011  -  3              1011  -  B
0100  -  4              1100  -  C
0101  -  5              1101  -  D
0110  -  6              1110  -  E
0111  -  7              1111  -  F

        ,   쭥襥  㢥祭  筮   ᫠
멤   :  1111 --> 10000.       16-
 ᫮? 室   : F --> 10. 
 10000  -  10
 10001  -  11
 ......
 11111  -  1F
100000  -  20
100001  -  21
.......
1111 1111  -  FF

        ᫨  ⥫,  ⨫ 㦥,   
姭    筮   ᫠   ᮫⭮
ࠢࠢ -    ,      ,
८ࠧ  16-筮 ᫮.    筮  ᫮
祭  ८ࠧ  16-筮:   ࠧ  
ࠢ    ࠧ鸞   ⠪  -
ࠧ來 ᫮ ८ࠧ㥬  16-筮:
101 0101 1001 1001 = 5599 ( 16-筮 ⥬!)
=5   =5   =9   =9
         :
3 5 F 2 = 0011 0101 1111 0010  11010111110010
| | | |
| | | |0010
| | |1111
| |0101
|0011
        ᫨  㤥    ࠦ    ⠪
८ࠧ,  १ ᪮쪮    ᬮ  室
⭮ ॢ  筮 ᫮    16-筮
 .
          ,   ⠪  - ᫮  
쬨   (0  1)        16-
.    祩    ⮫쪮  
ଠ樨.    ॣ  ⠪ .   
ॣ஢ ᥣ ᥬ.          塠⮢
ॣ (  - 16-ࠧ來).  ⮣ 
墠⠥  ᥩ  ᥢ 権.
         ॣ  ᢮ .  ࠧ 
⮫쪮  ,     㭪  ॣ஢.   ,
,  ॣ:
        - ॣ A  -   "".   
㭪 - 믮 䬥᪨  ᪨ 樨
 ᫮,  饭   ॣ,    ⠪  
⨬  㣨 ᫮  ᫮,   饭    㣮
ॣ;
        - ॣ B, C,  D,  E,  H,  L  -  ࠭
᫮  㢥稢  㬥       (-
६஢  ६஢);
        - ॣ F  -  ᯥ᪨  ॣ,     
 ந   ⢨,       ࠦ
१  権 (ਬ, ᫮  ᫠ -
 ,  ,    ᠬ १,  -
,    稫:  㫥-㫥,   -
,   ⥫-⥫    .).   
ॣ  뢠 ॣ஬ 䫠.
        ⢨   ॣ஬  A   ᥣ  ࠦ  
ॣ F   ⮬    "     
뢠 ᫮ ﭨ    - PSW.
        㣨 ॣ ⠪  "  ,
⮣    ந      樨.
  砥  ,     㪢,   
襬 ॣ - ॣ஢  B (B+C), D (D+E), H
(H+L).   㭪樨  ᬮਬ    ࠧ  ਬ஢
ணࠬ.
            16-ࠧ來  ॣ஢   뢠
稪   砥 - PC.    ᮤন  
祩 ,  ன 室 , ᫥ 
믮塞  ⥪騩 .
        , ᫥ ॣ, ⠪ 16-ࠧ來 :
ॣ ⥪ (砥 - SP).  㦨  ࣠-
樨     ᮡ  ⪠, 뢠-
 ⥪.   ⠪  ⥪?     쭮  
࣠ ࠭   ਭ樯: ᫥ 襫
-  襫. ..,  ᫨  ᪫뢠  ⥪ (-
頥  ) ᫠ 1, 2, 3,  4,  5,     
⮫쪮  ⠪ 浪 - 5, 4, 3, 2,  1.   祣 -
室 ⥪?  ᭮ 㭪樨.  ࢠ - 㦭 믮-
 ணࠬ,     ॣ  ᫥    믮
  .  ,  । 믮 / 
㦭 -  (..   ᮤন),   ᫥  -
⠭.   ࠭?  ⥪.   ᯥ樠-
 ,  騥 "" ᮤন ॣ-
   ⥪    㤠.  㣠 㭪 -
뢠 ணࠬ,  ᫥  砭 㦭  -
   , 㤠  뫠 맢  த
ࠡ ᭮ ணࠬ.    ᠬ   맮
ணࠬ  ⮬᪨      ⥪  
  ணࠬ.
        ,  ,  ᮡ⢥,      窨
७ ணࠬ.
            ᬠਢ  ⥬   
.  "  㣨 ⥬".  ᭠砫
  ।,  "襬" ணࠬ,  ࠧ६  
ࠡ,   ࠧࠢ   ᠬ  ""
, ⥬ ॢ   設  ,  ,
⨬ .
        ⠪,  ࢮ -     ।    
⥪ ணࠬ.     -   ।.   
  ᪮ -  롮 ,   ।  "EDASSM",
⢥,   ஬-⫠稪 (    ᪮
).   ᪮,  ᥣ । MAR (
MARGO),  -,    । ࠡ.
        ⠪, । ⠪ ணࠬ: 

ORG 100H                ;砫 ணࠬ -  100H
        MVI C,2 
        MVI E,0CH
        CALL 5          ;頥 ࠭
        MVI A,0         ;⪫砥
        OUT 10H         ;   
        LXI  H,0A07EH   ; 祩    ᮬ A07E
M1:     MVI M,0FFH      ;뫠   쬨 祪
        INR H           ;室  㣮 祩
        MOV A,H         ;, ᫨    A87E,
        CPI 0A8H
        JNZ M1          ;  横 M1
M2:     MVI  M,80H      ;⥯  祩    -
                        ;   窨.
        INX H           ;室  ᫥饩 祩
        MOV A,L         ;, ᫨ 
        CPI 0D0H        ;     A8D0,
        JNZ M2          ;  横 M2
        DCX H           ;室  祩
M3:     DCR H           ;    ᮬ A7CF,
        MVI M,0FFH      ;뫠 㤠  FF
        MOV A,L         ;, ᫨ 
        CPI 0A0H        ;     A0CF
        JNZ M3          ;  横 M3
M4:     DCR L           ;室  祩 A0CE,
        MVI M,80H       ;뫠 㤠  80H
        JM M4           ;, ᫨    A07F,  
                        ;横 M4
        MVI A,23H       ;砥
        OUT 10H         ;   
M5:     MVI E,0FEH      ;訢
        MVI C,6         ;   
        CALL 5
        ORA A           ;᫨ 祣  ,
        JZ M5           ; ᭮   .
        LXI D,VIC       ; DE -  ᮮ饭
        MVI C,9         ;뢮 
        CALL 5          ; ᮮ饭
        JMP 0           ; 室   (  ).
VIC:    DB 1BH,59H,28H,25H,' !',0AH,0AH,0AH,0AH,0AH,24H
END

        ⮡  ⥪  ⠫  믮塞  ணࠬ,
㦭 ᭠砫 ॢ     設 .
  ᤥ   몠 .  
  ⮫쪮 ⥪ ணࠬ,  뢠   
  (室 ⥪ ணࠬ).  ⮡ ࠭-
 ᬮ ࠢ쭮,   訡 ॢ 室 ண-
ࠬ  設 ,  ᫥    ࠢ쭮
ଫ. ࠢ ᮢᥬ :
        1.    ᮤঠ 䮣᪨ 
           ᨭ⠪᪨ 訡.
        2.      ⨭᪨ ᨬ,
           ⥫쭮  묨 ( ࠭
            ࠡ  묨 㪢).
        3. ப   । .

           ? 祭 :

⪠:  ;਩

         ⠪ ⪠?   ந   ᨬ-
,  騩   ணࠬ,     ஬  
饭  㣨  .   ᫨  ணࠬ    
⠭, ⪨   "᫥", ⮡ 뫮
,    ᮪ ணࠬ  砥.    -
짮  ⨭᪨  㪢,     易⥫쭮
᫮ - ⪠   稭 ⠪,     
- ,   ࠭  ਬ   
,      ࠢ쭮  ᠭ    (
뤠 ᮮ饭  訡).
                ᫮  (
⠪ ), ⮣ ᮢ ,   ᥣ -
   - ⮣         ࠭,
ࠧ塞 ஡ (஡).
        ਩      㣮  (  
ﯮ᪮ 몥),  ࠭  頥    -
, ਩ 㦥 ⮫쪮  祫, 饣 
饣 ணࠬ.
         ᫥ ࠢ.       ᨭ⠪
ப.  ,  :
 - ᫨ ࠭  稥,     ⠥
⪮
   , 室饥 ᫥  ;
 - ᫨ ࠭ 砥  ";" (窠  ⮩),
     ப   ,  ᪮ ࠢ
    ";"  室 ⮫쪮 ਩;
 -  ப   ⢮   ⥩ (⪠,
   , ਩).
         砥 ,     ⠫-
.  稬  ப,  ࠭᫨஢ ⨭ 
ணࠬ  ⨬ .
          ᬮ७ ⮫쪮  ,   
ᯮ    ਢ    ணࠬ.   
ᬠਢ  䠢⭮ 浪.
         㯮,       
 ⥩:    ࠭.   -  ᮡ-
⢥ ,   ࠭ -  ࠬ.    ࠭
室  ॣ  - ᫮,    ,
 㣮, ⮣ ᫮ ⤥ ⮩   ॣ-
.
        ᫨  ࠭ ᮤন ᫮, 㦭 ᭨
-   ᫮ (筮, 筮, ⭠-
). 筮 ᫮    ⮪.  -
  稢 㪢  B   (1001B,   ਬ);
⭠筮 㪢 H (324H)   ᫨  稭
  A, B, C, D, E  F,  । ⠪ ன ⠢
, ਬ - 0F35H. 
        *** CALL ***
        맮 ணࠬ  , 饬  ࠭-
.   ணࠬ,   ਬ,  뢠 ண-
ࠬ   0005 (CALL 5).
        *** CPI ***
        ࠢ  ᮤন      ᫮,
騬  ࠭.   ந室  ࠢ?   ᫮,
㪠  ࠭, ⠥  .
        *** DB ***
          ,   ࠭.   -
뢠  ᫥⥫쭮 ᯮ   ᫠,
᫥騥  ⮩ . ᫠  ⤥ 
 㣠 ⮩.  ᫨ ।      ᨬ,
祭   ( "'"),    뫠
  ᨬ (  ⮦ ᫠).
        *** DCR ***
        蠥      ॣ,   㪠  
࠭.
        *** DCX ***
        蠥      ᮤন  ॣ஢
,  ன 㪠 ࠭.
        *** END ***
        頥 ࠭,    ணࠬ  祭,
 ᫨ ᫥ ⮩    㣨 .
        *** INR ***
        稢   ᮤন ॣ, 
ண 㪠  ࠭.
        *** INX ***
        稢    ᮤন  ॣ஢
,  ன 㪠  ࠭.
        *** JM ***
        । ࠢ    ,   㪠  
࠭, ᫨ १ ।饩 樨  -
⥫ (Jump,  if  Minus  = 룭,  ᫨ ).   
 砥, ।  - DCR L.  
㤥 ⥫,   ॣ L  ᫥  믮-
 㤥 ᫮  80H   FF.  祬 ⠪ -  "᭨
 .
        *** JMP ***
           । ࠢ   -
, 㪠  ࠭.  直 ᫮.
        *** JNZ ***
        । ࠢ    ,   㪠  
࠭.   ⮫쪮 ᫨ १ ।饩  樨
 (JNZ = Jump, if Not Zero = 룭,  ᫨ 
). :  ஬ JNZ   !?   .
    ᫮,    ⪨ (M1).   ⪠ 
室  । ?   1  -    
 .
        *** JZ ***
         ,  ।,   ࠢ ।
  १ (Jump, if Zero).
        *** LXI ***
        頥  ॣ஢     ॣ  ⥪
16-ࠧ來 (.. 塠⮢) ᫮. ਬ:
LXI H,1002H -   HL 頥 ᫮ 1002H, 祬
  ॣ H 㤥 ᫮ 10H,   ॣ L - ᫮ 02;
LXI  SP,100H  -   ॣ ⥪  頥  ᫮
 100H, 㣨 ᫮,  ⥪ ⠭   
 100H.
        *** MOV ***
         ᫮      ॣ    㣮.
  ॣ஢  ࠭,  祬 ᫥  -
⮩ 㪠뢠 ॣ,    ᮤন
ॣ, 㪠 ᫥ ⮩.
        *** MVI ***
        頥  ॣ (A, B, C, D, E,  H,  L)  
.  ॣ   室  ࠭.
          ᮡ ࠧ ⮩  ,
  砥   "ॣ": MVI M,.  -
 M . M -  祩 ,  ன 室-
  ॣ஢   HL.     ⠪    砥
    祩 .
        *** ORA ***
         ᮤন     ᮤন
ॣ, 㪠  ࠭.     䬥-
 (. ⮦ ),    ᫮.  
  ᫠  -        ᫮
 ࠧ   (..  7+8 -  襬,   
 ,   " 㬥",   뢠).   
, 祬 䬥᪮ ᫮.  ࠢ 祭 -
⮥ - ᪮  筮 ᫥ ᪫뢠 ⮫쪮 0 
1,   १ 㤥 1,  ᫨      ᫠
㤥 1.   0 ⮫쪮   ⮬  砥,   ᫨  
᫠ ࠢ .   ணࠬ ( ORA A)
ᮤন  ᪨ ᪫뢠    ᠬ
ᮡ  १ 0  ⮫쪮  ⮬ 砥,   ᫨
 ࠧ ࠢ , ..  ᫨   ᮤ-
 ᫮ 0.
        *** ORG ***
          ,  ࠭.  饥
  ᫮ ᮮ頥 ࠭  砫 ணࠬ
  ࠣ.   ணࠬ  믮  ᯮ-
    । ᠬ.  ,
 ਢ易      (䬥᪨
⢨  ..),   ⠪,  ࠢ쭮 믮-
 ⮫쪮,  ᫨  "ᨤ"   ⠬,   
 "ᨤ".
          砥 ORG  ᮮ頥 ࠭,   
ணࠬ 稭   100.     "H"  (100H)
,    16-筮 ᫮.  ᫨    뫮,
⮣  ࠭ ਭ ᫮ 100  筮.
        ,   設⢮ ࠭஢,  ᫨ 
 ORG,  ⠥,   砫 ணࠬ  -  㫥
 (0000).   ணࠬ   0 (   -
)  - 쭮 । .  筮  짮-
⥫᪨ ணࠬ 稭   100H.
        !  ᫨  ࠡ⠥   ।஬-ᥬ஬
"EDASSM",   ᤥ ORG 1800H.   ⮬,  
 100H  ᯮ ᠬ ।  ᪠  ⠬
ணࠬ  ,     㦭  㤥    ࠧ
१㦠 ।.
        *** OUT ***
        뫠 ⮢ ᫮   譥  ன-
⢮. ᫮  室  ॣ A  (-
). 直 室 ( 室)  譥 ன⢮ 뢠-
  ( 室  ࠡ).    ࠧ
ன⢠  ⢫  १  ࠧ     (
 ன⢠ ᢮ ).   ணࠬ   -
  த 祩     ।  ᮬ.
  㪠뢠  ࠭  OUT.

          ࠧ६  ணࠬ.    
 ?
        -,    ।०  ࠭,   
ணࠬ 㤥 稭   100H.  ,  ।-
, ணࠬ 㦥 ⮢.  ந室?
        砫   ࠭:
 MVI C,2
 MVI E,0CH
 CALL 5
          ᭨ .
        ⥬   頥     
""    ᮬ 10H (OUT 10H), ..   -
譥 ன⢮.   -  ஭ . 
஬   ⪫砥.  祬    㦭?   ᫨  
祭,      ࠡ  ࠭,  ᪮
  ਢ   ,    ⮣
 ⨬,     (  ⥫쭮   
 祭     ᮡ  ᭮  .
㣨 ᯮᮡ        -  
58080  ࠡ ⮫쪮  64  ⠬).   
᪮  ⮩ ணࠬ   ।  ࠡ  
࠭ (  ),   㦭    ६  
⪫.
          ॣ஢  HL 頥 ᫮ A07E
(LXI  H,0A07EH).   ᫮  㦭     祩
 (    ,   ࠭ 
 ࠩ ਬ୮ । ࠭).  ⥯  祩
  ⮬   뫠    FF   (MVI
M,0FFH).  筮  FF 룫廊  1111 1111, ..
ᥬ 祪 ,  ᫥⥫쭮,   ࠭  
᪠  쬨 祪.
        稬 ॣ H (INR  H),  ⥯   㤥
A1 (A0 --> A1),     HL   A17E.   ࠭ 
᪠ 祪 ࠢ  ।饩. 稢 H 
 ஢塞 -  ⨣   ᮤন ᫠ A8:

MOV A,H  ;   ᮤন ॣ H
CPI 0A8H ; ࠢ  ᫮ A8

        ᫨   ⨣,  頥   ⪥  M1
(JNZ  M1)    뫠     쬨
祪,    ࠭ ⥬ ᠬ   쬨 祪.
 窥 ணࠬ  M1    M2    塞  祩
 A07E, A17E, A27E, ... A77E   FF.   ࠭
 ⮬ ᪠ "몫뢠" ਧ⠫쭠 .
        ⠪,  祩  ᮬ A87E   JNZ  㦥
 ࠡ⠥    ணࠬ    믮  .
  ⮬   뫠  80H.    
 窮 (80H = 1000 0000) , ᮮ⢥⢥,  
࠭   窠  冷    ᫥    㦥
"ᮢ".   㢥稢 ᮤন    HL
(INX H),     A87F (A87E  --> A87F).  
࠭  8 祪  ।騬 "⮬".  横 M2-
M3   뫠  80H -   A87F 
A8D0,   ⮬ 㦭 㢥稢 ⮫쪮 ॣ L.  
 ᤥ   INX H, ⠪   INR L.
 MVI M,80H
 INX H
 MOV A,L
 CPI 0D0H
 JNZ M2
          ந  ࠭ ᪨    
㣮  ⢥ 80 .     ᪥  ᢥ-
祭 ⮫쪮  (ࠩ ᫥, ⠪?) 窠.   祭
宦  ⨪ .    .
        ⠪,   ࢠ  ⪥ M3,     HL  
  ⮬  A8D0.
        蠥    (DCX H ; A8D0 --> A8CF)
  㬥蠥 ॣ H  (DCR  H  ;  A8CF  -->  A7CF).
஭⥫ ⥫ 㦥 ⨫  .  ,
ᥩ   ᮢ  ,   ᠬ 
࠭. ஡ ࠧ  祪 ᠬ,  
 窠 M1-M2.
          ஭⥫ ⥫   㦥
  ⮬,   ணࠬ த    ,   
, ᥩ 筥 ᮢ   ஭.  ,  
⮬   DCR  L   (  ⪮  M4).   諠
    A0CF  ... ? 祢,
⮡  ,  㦭      ,   
ண 稭 - A07E  ( ᫥  諥  
 A07F,  ᪮ A07E  㦥 ).  祬    
ணࠬ  ⠪:
 M4:    DCR L
        MVI M,80H
        MOV A,L
        CPI 7FH
        JNZ M4

        祬  ⨭  㣮?   ⮬,  
筮 १  ⨣   (  
)  ⮡  ⢨   - JM.
        ⠪,   塞    A0CF,  ⥬
A0CE, A0CD, ... A082, A081 ...      ஫-
㥬  JM.    ४  横 (M4-M5)?
 JM :  룠  ⪥ M4,   १
।饩 樨 ⥫.    樨.   MVI
M,80H? ,    ⢨  ᫠. 
DCR L? 筮. ন ॣ L 㬥蠥.  
 ?   ᫮  ⮬ ॣ ⠭ ⥫-
. ..  ? த   ⠪ .   ,
   ᫥饬.     筮  ⥬  ⥫
᫮ ⠥ ⠪,   ண ᠬ  ࠧ
⠫  㫥,  ..  ᫮  楩    襬
ࠧ拉.  ࠧ, ᫠  0  0111 1111 (0  7F)
-  ⥫ ᫠,    1000 0000   1111  1111
(80H  FF) - ⥫.   ⥯  ⢥,
祣   JM  - ⮡ ᫮  ॣ  L  ⠫
 80H, .. ⠫ 7F. ⠪,   (म,
 ).
           :
MVI A,23H
OUT 10H
         ⥯ ,    㤥   -
  (ࠣ  ⪨ M5   JZ M5, 
 ⮦ ᬮਬ ).
        , -    ணࠬ -
 .  ॣ஢  DE  頥 ᫮ ...
VIC  ??     㦥 ᭨,     ⮪
뢠 ᫠ -     ⮩ , ।
ன ⮨ ⪠. ⠪   DE   ணࠬ-
, ஥ 룫廊 VIC: DB ...  ..   믮-
 ணࠬ   5.    ⥯    뢮
 " !".
            ணࠬ   5,  
 頥 ࠭, , ,  ਢ  -
 ,   訢 ?   ,   
㦥 堫   - ᫥ 믮  JMP  0,
.. ࠢ 㤥 ।   0,    
-  ,  樮.

        筥 .
         ணࠬ,  ।祭  ࠢ
  譨 ன⢠ ( ⠪  ணࠬ  ⭮-
 -⫠稪,     㣨),  
 ணࠬ,    ᯮ짮  ணࠬ-
.  ᨫ쭮 砥 ᠭ ணࠬ. ࠢ쭮
 , 뢥 ᮮ饭  ࠭,  -
 ணࠬ  䮭  ᪮  ..  ..
-   ᯮ 祭 ,       
    ணࠬ , ᫥⥫쭮, 
 筮 ࣠  ணࠬ  ⠪  ࠧ,
⮡       .   
⨯ ⮩ ࣠樨.  ப ࠭.
         -  ணࠬ   ᢮  ,
 ஬    맢.   쪮  ணࠬ  -
⮫쪮 ᮢ.  த  ଠ ᯮᮡ.    
  宭쪨 ⮪.     ᯮᮡ  ॡ,
⮡   맮  /  ᥣ  室    ண
।  (筮    F800    F833).
   "᪮" ணࠬ - -⫠稪  -
ணࠬ  室  ⨬ ᠬ  (०  1
᪠),      室 (० 0).     ⠪
ᨫ쭠 ਢ離  ।      (
⮣ -  )  ᨫ쭮 蠥.  - ⮣
   ஡ ணࠬ  ᮢ⨬
 ࠧ묨 . ⮣ ⪠   㣮 ⨯
맮 ணࠬ,    㯮ॡ  襩 ண-
ࠬ.
          砥  ᫥饬.    ண-
ࠬ 뢠    ⮬  .    ⮣
㧭,  / ॡ? 祭  - 㪠뢠-
  . ᥣ  ॣ C.    믮
/ ॡ   ࠬ -   ⠪  砥
 㪠뢠  ॣ E   D.   믮
/  室 室  ॣ A   ᫥  
믮.   ,   祭 .  㦭 -
,      ⮬  ᯮᮡ  ணࠬ  뢠
㭪ﬨ .
         襩 ணࠬ ᯮ  ᫥騥  -
ணࠬ (㭪樨 ):
        1. / 뢮 ᨬ  ᮫ (..  ࠭).
    -  2  (    맮    ॣ C  
 ᫮ 2).  ᨬ, 뢮  ࠭, -
  ॣ E. ᫨   ᨬ (㪢, ,
 ९  .),   ᮢ .   
   ᨬ? , -,  ᥢ᪨
(⪠, ५, म窠).   ⮦ 祣 ᮡ.
 , - -  ⠪ ,    뫪
  ᮫ ( ࠭)  祣  뢮,     
 㣮. ᫨    -浪:

08 - ᤢ    ᨬ;   (  )
09 -   8 ᨬ ࠢ;       (  )
0A - ᤢ.     ப; (  )
0C - 頥 ࠭;                     ( -)
0D - 頥   砫 ப;   (  )
18 - ᤢ  ࠢ  ᨬ;  (  )
19 - ᤢ    ப;   (  )
1A - ᤢ    ப;    (  )
1B - 㪠뢠,  ᫥          (  2)
     ᪮쪮 ࠢ .

        ᭨ ᫥ ஡.   1B   -    
砫 ࠢ饩 ᫥⥫쭮  ( 
ESCAPE᫥⥫쭮,  ⮬   쥧 -
   2,   . ESCAPE,     
).  ᫨,  ਬ,    1B  ⮨  59H,  
砥,    न   ࠭,  
:  ⨩      ⨪,
 ⢥ -    ਧ⠫  (  ப    
⮫ ࠭). , 騩  樨, ࠧ
 -  ⮬  ਡ ᫮  20H   (32  
筮 ⥬)   ⮢.  ,  㦭 뢥
ᨬ "D" 筮  業 ࠭, ..   12 ப  
40- ⮫ (᫨  ࠭ 80 ᨬ). 㦭 ᫠
 ᮫  1B, ⥬ 59H, ⥬ 44 (12 + 32),  ⥬
72 (40 + 32) , , 44H (  ᨬ "D").
          ᥩ   0C.   ⪨
࠭.
 MVI C,2       ; ணࠬ - 2
 MVI E,0CH      ; ॣ  E -  ᨬ, 뢮
                  ᮫
 CALL  5        ;뢠 /  2,  ..  뢮 
                 ᮫  0C

        2. ணࠬ -뢮 ᨬ  ᮫.
  - 6.  ,  /    ᨬ
 ᮫ ( )     뢮    ᮫  (
࠭).  㤨,  ᮫ 뢠  -
,   ࠭?  ᫨  ,    ᮫  -  
।⢮ ⢨   .     -
易 १  ( -> )  १ ࠭
( -> ).
         ,   ॡ -     뢮?
१ ॣ E.  ᫨   ᮤন  -    ᫮,
஬ FE   FF,   ⠥  ᨬ,  
㦭 뢥  ࠭.  ᫨  ॣ E     FE   -
뢠 /  ,  ᫥  砭  
 㤥  0,   FF.  ᫨ 0 -  
६ ࠡ /     ண. ᫨ FF -
- ண.   㧭 - ? ,  ⮣
㦭 맢  /,   ॣ E  FE,  FF.  
⮬ 砥  室  /  A 㤥    0,
  ⮩ .
        3.  ணࠬ 뢮 ப ᨬ   -
᮫.   - 9. ⮩ / 㦭 ,  稭
ப    砥.  砫 ப 㪠뢠-
  ॣ஢  DE.    ப ᥣ -
砥  24H (36 筮).
            ப?   ᨬ - 1B,
59H,  28H,  25H  -   ⮬,    ᮮ饭  㤥
뢮  8- ப ࠭ (28H - 20H = 8),  稭
 ⮣ ⮫ (25H - 20H  = 5).  饭 ⮨ 
 ᨬ:  ! ⥬    0A.   
६頥    ப.   ࠧ,  
 㢮     ப (⮡  뢥  
 । ᮢ ). , ,   24H
- ਧ  ப.

          .  ணࠬ  ࠧ࠭    窠.
 ⠫     ࠡ.     ०
  ॢ  設    ࠭.
 ࠡ⠥  ।஬ EDASSM,    
-   ࠭.     1 (
2,   3).  ணࠬ 㤥 ࠭᫨஢.   ᫨  
ࠫ  ⥪  訡.  ,     ਨ
(窠  ⮩       ப)   
.   ,    ORG     
룫拉: ORG  1800H.  ᫨  ⠪,    ணࠬ
㦥   㦭  -   1800H  -   
ணࠬ . 室     G1800
᪠ .   稬,  ⮡    뫨  
浪,   ⥪ ணࠬ ࠭    ⭮
 ( ।  ᮮ⢥   -  -
⠩  ᠭ).
         ࠡ⠥  ᪮,  ࠭᫨஢
ணࠬ  ⠪   ᥬࠬ:    ASSM.COM,  MAC.COM,
ASM.COM.     ࠭஢ ᨭ⠪ :
 ࠭, ⥬  室  ७.  
 室 ७ 易⥫쭮  ,    -
⥫쭮 - ASM. ਬ,  ⠪: FIRST.ASM, ⮣
   ࠭  ⠪:
 ASSM FIRST
         ᥣ  ᯮ짮  ASSM.COM.     ࠧ
ᮧ ᯮ塞 䠩  FIRST.COM.   ᫨      
ASSM.COM, ᯮ MAC  ASM,  䠩 FIRST.COM 
.    䠩 FIRST.HEX.     
ᤥ FIRST.COM ணࠬ LOAD.COM:
 LOAD FIRST,
 ⫠稪 SID:
 SID FIRST.HEX -   㧨  SID     㦥
८ࠧ FIRST.HEX  設    100H.  
 㦥   ணࠬ    G100.   
 ᭠砫 ࠭   ᪥:
 IFIRST.COM - ࠭ 㤥   FIRST.COM
 W100,1FF - ࠭塞   100H  1FF
   F4  멤   DOS.   ᪠
ணࠬ   १⮬.

         ப 祭.   ᫥饬    ࠧ६
ᠬ   ᥬ   ᭮ ண-
ࠬ  (㭪樨 ).
        ஬ ⮣,   ᫥饬   稭  "横
⥩"  㦥      ணࠬ஢.   
  ࠡ  ᪠:    䠩   ᪠,
    , 㤠, ᪮஢, २-
  ..
        ------------------------------------------
        .   ਭᨬ      ᮢᥬ
㤠 (,  ᮢᥬ 㤠)   襣
ୠ.  ,  ᥣ,  ᯥ誥.  ୠ  -
 ⠢,  ⮢  ᯥ.  諮 ᯥ
稢 .  ⮬  襫       訡
.
        ঠ ᫥饣  ਬ୮ ⠪:

        1. .    "" 
"஭ 6105",  ⮡ ࠦ 뫮 ,
 ᪠    뫨.  ⠪,   
, ॡ騩 ࠧ쭮    ஢
ᨭநᮢ.
         ᮮ㤨  訩  㪮  室,   ⮡
  䮭.

        2.  ணࠬ஢  ᥬ.    :
 稭     ணࠬ஢.

        3.  ᠭ ࠡ   묨  ⥬묨  
ਪ묨 ணࠬ.

        4. " ᯨ᮪" . ,   ।⠢騥
 .    죨  堫.

        5.   ࠡ  ᪮.  
 ⮭.

        6.  뢠 ⥪⮢ 䠩    
묨 "ᨢ묨"  "࠭묨" ⥪⠬. 

           
 㤮⢨ ⢥⨬    , 易
 ணࠬ஢, 祭, ᯥ⪮   ..
⨬  "    ୠ  (᪮ -
ᯫ⭮, ᪮ -   ).        


         : 644100, , / 3812.